Len Wades Behaviour †Criminal Justice

Len Wades Behaviour – Criminal Justice Free Online Research Papers The aim of this essay is to discuss, analyse and investigate the reasons which may have caused Len Wade to act illegally and to consider the limitations and usefulness of criminological theories in evaluating his behaviour. The two main theories which will be discussed are self control theory and social bond theory by Travis Hirschi. Also, other criminological literature and approaches will be considered in analysing Len Wades offences. Self control theory is based on the idea that all humans have the desire to commit crime and it is our high or low levels of self control which encourage or restrain us from doing so. Those with low levels of self control are more likely to engage in criminal activity as they are more impulsive and in need of instant gratification. Self control levels are influenced by the quality of parenting received in early years, and by the age of 7 or 8, the child has already acquired their personal level of self control which is unlikely to change. Neglected or abused children are likely to suffer from lower levels of self control than those who are well cared for. Those with low levels of self control are also more likely, in later life, to smoke, drink and use drugs which fill their needs for instant gratification. Social bond theory also considered that the propensity to commit crime was in all humans but it was negated and weakened by social bonds which encourage conformity to the law. There are four social bonds; acceptance, commitment, involvement and belief. Acceptance relates to how strong the individuals personal relationships are with family and friends, the stronger these are the less likely the individual is to commit crime. This could be criticised in that a person strongly bonded to others who may encourage them to commit crime could become more not less likely to do so. Commitment relates to the time and energy the individual invests in conventional activities within society, if an individual has a good reputation within the community to uphold, they may be less likely to commit an offence. Commitment can be explained by considering a cost-benefit analysis of whether or not to commit an offence; if the costs are too high (loss of job and good reputation) then the individual is less likely to offend. However, if the individual has no job or reputation to uphold, they may feel they have nothing to lose by committing a crime. A criticism of this could be that some may have bad reputations and feel in order to uphold them, they must commit crime. Similarly to the acceptance element, if criminal behaviour is normal within a subsection of society which an individual is part of then behaving in that way to conform to differing social bonds may encourage not deter the individual from acting in a criminal manner. Involvement is the extent to which the individual is involved with conventional activities within society such as having a job, hobbies or being part of a club. Again, the less engrossed the individual is in conventional activities, the more likely it is for them to commit an offence. Belief refers to an individuals inherent respect for authority and their convictions that rules should or should not be followed which naturally influences their behaviour. Len Wades case is interesting from both these perspectives although neither fully explain his criminality. Firstly, this essay will consider his family life which is key to understanding the reasons behind his behaviour. Len Wades father is schizophrenic and his mother, while supportive of him, is naturally distracted and unlikely to give him the attention he needs, especially as he is the youngest of 5. The Newcastle Family Study which involved 1000 participants had six indicators of family deprivation; marital problems, parental illness, poor domestic care, social dependence, overcrowding and poor mothering. It could be assumed that at least 3 of the above apply to Len Wade, marital problems caused by his fathers mental illness, parental illness and overcrowding as there were 5 children in an area we may be able to assume was not rich (Grimley Estate). Thus for the purposes of the study, he would be classified as multiply deprived, seven out of ten of these multiply deprived boys went on to be convicted of a crime. Another study entitled Disrupted families and delinquency# found that within a high conflict family, the chances of children becoming criminals was significantly higher than in a family without conflicts. Len Wades parents situation could be described as high conflict so again, his chances of becoming an offender are high. Parental conflicts and problems at home were also found to be contributory factors to a childs later criminality by a study done by Kolbo.# According to Social Bond theory, good relationships with parents are key to prevent offending by children. Len Wades relationship with his father could be said to be difficult and strained due to his fathers illness and although we do not know enough about his mother, she must have been distracted and under pressure due to his fathers mental health problems so may not have had a strong relationship with Len Wade either. His only real social bonds seem to be with his peers, who he looks to for the affection and encouragement his parents failed to provide, so although attachment to them may be strong, they have influenced him to take drugs and behave in a criminal manner. The sole strong attachment Len Wade seems to have is to his friends, indeed, he has even engaged in criminal behaviour with them, and they, like him, are all drug users. Recent studies# have shown that associating with other offenders increases the likelihood of offending and this seems to be the case here. The lack of a meaningful relationship with Len Wades father may well have been a contributing factor to his later having offended. A study by Farrington in 1973# indicated that having a father who does not join in with his sons leisure activities greatly increases the later risk of his son offending. Further, the Cambridge study also found that a strong relationship with the father was needed in order to decrease the risk of offending. Len Wades lack of a positive male role model may have contributed to the later offences he committed, as any other male contact may have been from his friends who could not be described as positive influences in his life. According to Hirschis self control theory, abusive or neglectful parenting increases the likelihood of the child offending in later life as such children have lower levels of self control. Although Len Wades childhood could not be said to be neglectful as such he may have suffered from a lack of attention due to the domestic situation. Indeed, he admits to having tantrums and claims to be building a better relationship with his mother now although with regards to self control theory, the damage may have already been done as a childs level of self control can be determined by the time the child is 7 or 8. Thus, self control theory implies Len Wades levels of self control may be lower than usual and thus he is more likely to commit a crime. Also, as regards to Len Wades family life, poor supervision has been found to be a contributing factor to a childs later behaviour and it could be said that due to the pressure his mother was under, and the other children, that Len Wade was not well supervised as a child. Indeed, it could be argued that as he started smoking heroin at 13, this indicates a definite lack of supervision in his adolescence. A study by Stern and Smith# found that poor childhood supervision is the strongest predictor of offending. Further, the Youth Lifestyles Study already cited by the Home office also found a correlation between poor supervision and the propensity to offend later in life. Other important factors which have influenced Len Wades criminality are his friends and his drug addiction; the two seem linked as without his friends he may not have become addicted to drugs and without drugs, he would have to socialise with different people. Indeed, his attachment to his friends who use drugs seems to encourage not discourage him from criminal behaviour. Considering this from a Social Bond theory perspective, he seems to have no involvement with any conventional activities, his sole method of entertainment involves drugs. Thus, this weakens his social bonds and increases the likelihood of offending. Len Wade is not at all engrossed in any conventional leisure activities and when asked why he returned to drug use said there was nowt else to do. This again shows a weakening of social bonds but also refers to a study by Downes# which found that a lack of entertainment or leisure activities increased the chances of young men committing crime. If we consider Len Wades behaviour from a self-control theory perspective, it becomes apparent that his drug use stems from a need for instant gratification which indicates a low self control. Furthermore, his crimes of burglary and assault show an impulsive attitude, and a lack of planning, which again indicate he has low self control. The use of drugs has been found in the Youth Lifestyles survey previously mentioned, to increase the likelihood of offending by five times for boys between the ages of 12 and 17. Also, the survey found associating with other drug users increases the risk that the individual will go back to using drugs. Len Wade himself tells us he committed crime only to fund his heroin addiction and indeed it seems that drug use is a major influencing factor in his problems. Len Wades lack of career or academic ambitions suggests both a lack of self control, according to Self-control theory, and a lack of involvement in conventional society, according to Social bonds theory. We do not know enough about whether Len Wade is still at school or has left after GCSEs. However, considering that he was using heroin at 13 and seems to have not been well supervised throughout his adolescence, it could be implied that he is not academically minded. He does not seem to have attempted to conform to society in having a job and thus again, a low level of self control is indicated. . The negative attitude displayed by Len Wade in looking for a job also reflects on his likely beliefs about the system and following rules. Indeed, whilst in prison, he was said to be abusive to staff which again shows a disrespect for authority, and according to social bond theory increases his inclination to commit crime. The main elements of social bond theory; attachment ,commitment, involvement and belief are all to a degree useful in explaining Len Wades behaviour. Attachment seems the most crucial influence, as he seems to have weak bonds with his parents, and a strong attachment to his peers, evidenced by his committing crime with them, and this has not, as the theory would suggest, weakened the chances of him offending but strengthened them. These peer influences on him are stronger than that of his parents or his school, thus although according to Social bond theory, his parents influence would usually overshadow that of his friends, in an environment with little support from his parents, his friends influence is more persuasive than that of his parents. From a commitment perspective, his lack of employment or social activities which do not involve drugs indicates that he is not investing his time or energy into society. Furthermore, he is not involved in conventional activities and may find social status amongst his friends rather than from conventional society. Thus, his standing with them increases when he acts in an illegal way, indeed, this situation could be described as a sub-society or quasi culture in which he has become involved and these behaviours have become the norm. Further, from his time in prison and problems with his mother, it can be inferred that his belief system does not give much value to conventional rules and the importance of obeying them. Thus, whilst Social Bond theory goes some way to explaining Len Wades behaviour, it fails to address the real cause of the problem which is his heroin addiction. Social Bond theory can explain why he may have developed such an addiction but in order for him to stop offending, he needs to stop taking drugs and associating with friends who do so. Self control theory also can explain his behaviour in that his lack of self control is illustrated by heavy drug use and the opportunistic impulsive nature of his crimes. The attention which he lacked growing up may also have caused him to behave in a way that confirms an idea of self control theory; children who have not recieved enough parental care grow to have lower self control. However, self control theory, again cannot fully explain his behaviour; it seems almost circular reasoning to say that because he has low self control he takes drugs which he then becomes addicted to due to his low self control. Indeed, self control theory cannot explain fully why Len Wade feels he needs to prove himself to his friends or his lack of interest in his future. In conclusion, although both Self control theory and Social Bond theory by Travis Hirschi can be used to explain Len Wade’s behaviour, neither do so completely and there are limitations in both arguments. Indeed they could be said to be ipse dixit in nature as they are not fully supported by empirical study. Other studies offer correlational support for the fact that his family life was conflicted which led to him committing crimes and his lack of ambition which could also be said to contribute to his behaviour. The main influence on Len Wade’s criminality seems to be his addiction to drugs, and if he continues to socialise with the same people it seems unlikely that he will ever become free of this addiction. He claims that his need for money for drugs has fuelled his crimes and so it could be said that without this addiction he may not have committed so many. Hirschi’s theories seem most useful in explaining why Len Wade was in a situation in which he could become addicted to drugs, and do not address the reasoning behind his crimes fully. Indeed, it seems overly simplistic to claim that lack of social bonds alone caused Len Wade to commit the burglaries, when other factors such as addiction and lack of money seem more relevant. Overall, it would seem that it is not an inherent part of Len Wade’s personality to commit crime but situational factors which influenced him to do so. Bibliography â€Å"Social Bond Theory† Travis Hirschi â€Å"Self Control Theory† Travis Hirschi Stern and Smith, 1997 study Downes study, 1966 Disrupted Families and Delinquency (Juby and Farrington 2001 BJ Crim 41, 22-40). Kolbo et al, 1996 Youth Crime, Findings from Youth Lifestyle Survey, Home office research study 209 Young People and Crime J graham and B Bowling 1995 Home office research study. West and Farrington 1973, 57 The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Third Edition Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, Robert Reiner An introduction to Criminological Theory, Second Edition Roger Hopkins Burkes Criminology Michael Doherty Research Papers on Len Wade's Behaviour - Criminal JusticeThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

92 Paolo Faccini Dori â€v- Recreb Srl (1994) The WritePass Journal

A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary A Critical Analysis of Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreb Srl (1994) Executive Summary Facts of the Case Decision of the Case Beyond the Approach in FacciniConclusions ReferencesRelated Executive Summary EU directives are considered not to have horizontal direct effect, i.e. the provisions of the European directive cannot be relied upon by private individuals, when it comes to a legal dispute where they have not been transposed by member states into international law. This was the position in the case in question, here, of Faccini and has been largely supported by future case law and academic analysis in this area. Despite this, there have been some cases which argue that there should be a direct effect[1]. Although these have been distinguished on a matter of fact between the position in Faccini and the decisions reached in later cases, it is argued, here, that the basic rule remains current and good law, albeit with an element of uncertainty, particularly where there is an aspect of public law and order and an obligation on the member states, rather than it being downplayed as a purely contractual relationship between the individual parties. Facts of the Case EU Directive 85/577[2] places a requirement on member states to protect consumers when they are entering into contracts which are negotiated away from the business place, for example, over the phone or, more recently, this would apply to internet-based purchases. This offers a right to cancellation and although there is a degree of flexibility offered to member states in how they ensure that consumers are protected in this way (article 4 and article 5 of directive), there are still minimum rights being afforded to consumers in this situation; the precise terms may also vary from member states to member state, in terms of how the consumers are informed of this right. However, fundamentally, the right is still present[3]. In this case, Faccini Dori contracted with Interdiffusion Srl, in order to purchase an English language course. However, she later attempted to cancel the purchase because, in the meantime, the provision of the course had been assigned to Recreb Srl, who then sued Faccini Dori for the cost of the course which she had failed to pay, as she wished to cancel her purchase. Faccini Dori argued that she would have been entitled to cancel the contract, as it had been a business arrangement made outside of the business premises, under the EU directive; however, it was the failure of the Italian government to implement the contents of the directive, which meant that the provisions did not seemingly apply in the case of Recreb Srl. The question, therefore, arose as to whether or not this directive had horizontal directive effect, thus enabling the individual to rely on the directive when dealing with a dispute between two private individuals. The weakness in the Faccini’s argument was b ased on the fact that the directive had not been implemented and the question arose as to whether or not an unimplemented directive can be relied upon as, had it been implemented, it would be part of Italian law in any event. Decision of the Case In this case, relying on the Marshall case, it was held that Faccini could not rely on the directive, as it has not been implemented into Italian law and therefore it was not possible for individuals to apply the rules contained within the directive, as this lacked horizontal directive applicability and could not therefore be used as the basis for a legal action[4]. According to Article 249 (was 189 at the time of the case) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a European directive is binding on the member states, in terms of achieving the objectives of the directive, but that it is up to member states to determine how this will apply in their jurisdiction. The argument, therefore, arose as to whether or not this means that the directive enables individuals to rely on the concept of the directive in a private action, even where the member state had failed to transpose the directive into national law. In this case, however, it was held that the directive was applicable vertically and could be seen to impose an obligation on the member states, but not be used by individuals in a horizontal plane i.e. between private parties. As noted in the cited case of Marshall[5], the Faccini case relied on this and argued that, whilst it would be possible for private individuals to bring an action against the state for their failure to enact the provisions of the directive, it could not be used as the basis of legal action between the two individuals. Beyond the Approach in Faccini Although the rules laid out in the Faccini case seemed to state clearly that a non-enacted directive could not be relied upon by a private individual, although there has been some future debate as to whether case law has made inroads into this strict position. Case law has developed in this area to such an extent that it creates a situation where it would be possible to have a direct effect or direct link between individuals, even when they have not been transposed into national law[6]. Take, for example, the case relating to CIA Security[7], where an argument arose between three private individuals all of whom were competitors in the provision of security systems. In this argument, it was alleged that CIA Security was not suitably authorised and therefore should not be selling alarm systems, under Belgian law. An argument was presented by CIA that there had been unfair trading practices based on the fact that adopting the requirements to be authorised without notification was a breach of directive 83/189, article 8[8]. It was argued, in this case, that it was possible for the individuals to rely on the provisions of this directive as part of the case of the national court. In this situation, the court held that the provisions of the directive could be relied upon, which seemed to go against the decision in Faccini. As part of the judgement, Advocate Elmer distinguished from the Faccini case by stating that the provisions in directive 83/189 had been written in such a way that there were duties being imposed on the member state, whereas the directive in the Faccini case had placed the requirement on the individuals, alone, and not with the relationship between individuals. A better update emerged in the Unilever case[9]. This case dealt with a contractual relationship between two parties and a boundary dispute between Unilever and Central Food whereby Unilever had been supplying olive oil to Central Food. However, Central Food then took issue with Unilever, given the fact that the oils had not been labelled correctly, so they were no longer in compliance with the appropriate Italian law. As a result, Central Food stated that it would not pay for the oil delivered by Unilever. Unilever’s counterargument was that, although the Italian government had observed certain parts of the provisions of directive 83/189, the actual national law had not taken into account article 9 of the directive and therefore should not have been enacted and should not be applied. In this case, it was held that as the directive had been misapplied and this had resulted in a national standard which was opposed to the directive, national standards could not therefore be applied and could not be enforced against individuals. Certain distinctions were drawn between the Unilever and the CIA case, primarily based on the fact that it was a contractual relationship between the parties and was not linked to arguments associated with unfair trade practices and thus allowed the decisions to be distinguished from the case of Faccini. The difficulty going forward, therefore, is how cases such as the CIA case can potentially create a situation where there is horizontal direct effect to directives allowing private parties to rely upon the provisions of any unimplemented directive, in order to impact on their own personal dispute. On the face of it, therefore, it would appear that the CIA case had indeed created a situation whereby the basic ruling in the Faccini case could be softened. The main argument for this development is that, in the CIA case, there is a public law element, as there had been a failure on behalf of the member state, rather than a pure issue of private law such as contractual relations[10]. Conclusions There are clear difficulties when it comes to reconciling the basic provision laid out in Marshall and the Faccini cases; however, although it has been argued that there is a public law element in the cases which have been decided in a different way from the Faccini case, the net result is that this creates a different relationship between private individuals. Despite this, it is contended here that the basic rule in Faccini, in that the directive does not have horizontal direct effect, and therefore cannot be relied upon as a legal basis for action between private individuals, remains. There is, however, the need to consider cases such as CIA, which can create at least some uncertainty as to whether or not this will be strictly applied, in all situations. References Case C-194/94, CIA Security International SA v. Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL [1996] ECR1-2201, para. 13-15. Case 152/84, Marshall v. Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723, para. 48. Case C-91/92 Paolo Faccini Dori –v- Recreh Srl (1994) Case C-443/98, Unileverltalia SpA v. Central Food SpA [2000] ECR1-7535. Council Directive (EC) 85/577 Consumer Protection in the Case of Contracts Negotiated Away from Business Premises Council Directive (EC) 83/189 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations Michael. Dougan, The Disguised Vertical Direct Effect of Directives?, The Cambridge Law Journal, 2000, vol. 59(3), pp.586-612 at 587 Paul Craig, Directives: Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and the Construction of National Legislation, EL Rev., 1997, vol. 22, pp.519-538 at 519. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law Text, Cases, and Materials, (3rd Ed., Oxford University Press, United Kingdom 2003), p.202, 203 Stephen Weatherhill, Breach of Directives and Breach of Contract, EL Rev., 2001, vol.26, pp. 177-186 at 182.

Corporate social responsibility in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate social responsibility in Asia - Essay Example By initiating education, environment and health care programs, the government has established an avenue that firms are now adopting. For example, in 2009 the Chinese government launched an expansive tree planting program and in response Chinese based firms established tree planting as part of their CSR initiatives. Another notable aspect that makes China maintain a strong business to business relationship is the support among various organizations that operate in China. For example, based on its effort to support small enterprises and conserve the environment, Wokai benefits from the support of Cathay Pacific Airways and Morrison & Foerster that provides financial and legal support respectively (Chen and Dean, 2007). One of the major challenges that faced China is the earlier cases of violation of human rights that created a negative image of the country business atmosphere. Major cases that created a negative image for the government was the use of prison labor in order to produce p rofitable products in the international market. In the area culture, Alan (2003) argues that the government has been noted to violate human rights by persecution of individuals who engaged in activities that threatened the control of the government. However, in its effort to create investors confidence, the Chinese government has engaged in dialogue with foreign countries on the matters of human rights. For example, in the past 5 years, the government has invited delegations from Britain, France, Australia and France to access the human right situation. The major country that has led in the ending of human rights violation in China is US. In their studies on the impact of human rights on business investors in china,... One of the major aspects that make Japan a country with business opportunities is the extensive use of CSR in the Japanese corporate management. As compared to Europe and the US where firms aims at attaining short-term returns for their shareholders, Japanese companies place high value to all the stakeholders including the customers, employees, shareholders and members of the community (Waldenberger, 2007). In this regard, majority of companies in Japan have established departments that deal with corporate social responsibilities. Yamaha Company, a Japanese based firm is one of the key companies that have initiated a strong CSR department. Through this department, the company initiated Yamaha Forest reforestation program in 2010. During the first phase of the program that took place in Sukabumi Regency, Yamaha Motor Company in collaboration with Yamaha Corporation planted approximately 115,110 trees. Other organizations that are engaged in the environmental conservation in Japan incl ude Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and University of Kuningan among others.

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v Essay

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v. coca-cola company - Essay Example Yet, more than ascribing blame to a multinational firm that has perhaps broken the law and behaved in a highly egregious manner, understanding the logic behind why such a set of actions might have taken place, the way in which they occurred, and the different resources available to Coca Cola as a means of understanding the limits to which a given corporate entity will go to in order to protect its profit margins and maintain dominance at the expense of traditional corporate responsibility, civic behavior, and common morality. Furthermore, the way in which the court trial in Miami proceeded is also of special interest due in no small part to the fact that this too exhibited the level to which corruption in power and the cronyism of mega multinationals seemingly held all the cards in such a legal battle (Rostin 2001, p. 35). As a way of briefly encapsulating what lay at the core of the court case mentioned above, it is worth briefly laying out what the claimants brought against Coca Cola. Among other things, the claimants brought evidence that union organizers complaining about unfair treatment, poor wages, brutal conditions, and the alleged murder to several workers over a period of time that were heavily involved in the union agitation that had plagued the Coca Cola plant in Carepa, Colombia. The background to the instance was the fact that Colombian workers at the factory had been seeking to leverage the Coca Cola Corporation for a higher level of remuneration, benefits, and union representation by the Sinaltrainal Union which represented workers in Colombia. Obviously such an action would have not been in the best interests of Coca Cola Corporation as it would have weakened the position of the employer and given a stronger voice to the employees as a function of the collective bargaining that they w ould have been able to achieve. As a function of stopping such an

Why We Need Technology in Schools Essay Example for Free

Why We Need Technology in Schools Essay Introduction Technology has brought about many changes in today’s society. We interact, exchange information, and socialize in whole new ways that were not even possible twenty years ago. These changes apply to all areas of life, and can even be incorporated into the classroom to bring about positive results in students. The use of technology in the classroom for cooperative learning, personalized learning, and group learning have the potential for great impact on the way learners learn and teachers teach. Cooperative Learning Any educator in the classroom today would argue that students learn and retain information better when they are in a collaborative environment. Students need social interaction to help reinforce content and allow them an outlet for discussion and analysis. â€Å"Numerous studies have shown that students benefit positively in their academic and social development through cooperative learning† (Ramli, 2010). Many psychologists have discussed the benefits of social interaction to learning. Old school Education The old school education system is profoundly skewed its most significant problem: placement and grading. Most educators place too much value on inflexible systems for identifying proper places for students and estimate their comprehension of the material; there are many factors that may aid or hinder a students performance in school the answer.technology Technology in education Computers are a magnificent feat of technology. They have grown from simple calculators to machines with many functions and abilities. Computers have become so common that almost every home has at least one computer, and schools find them a good source for information and education for their students. Computers have created new careers and eliminated others and have left a huge impact on our society. The invention of the computer has greatly affected the arts, the business world, and society and history in many different areas. We should use computers In addition with e-readers and tablets to help differentiate a students level of understanding of the school curriculum. Importance of technology in education The education world has been greatly influenced by rapidly changing technology and the increasing availability of information. Schools have advanced by leaps and bounds when it comes to incorporating technology into the learning environment, however, many more advances need to be made. In all areas of the country, educators are trying to help students keep up with technology, but there are more changes that are essential for preparing the next generation for the future. By increasing computer usage by students, installing classroom Internet access and providing instructional classes dedicated to software and hardware education, schools have tried to provide an up-to-date education for students. This is all very important, but is it enough? I feel that perhaps this just isn’t going to cut it for the twenty-first century. Even more technology In schools we can even use more technology most educators used to use a blackboard to present to a class but now educators use document cameras with 21st century applications like Enhanced zoom capability, multi-directional camera positions, video recording function without a computer and wireless tablet collection. Another tool in a modern teachers arsenal is a smart board A smart board is a interactive white board that operates as part of a system that includes the interactive whiteboard, a computer, a projector and white boarding software. The Smart Board interactive whiteboard uses DViT (Digital Vision Touch) technology can detect and respond to touch interactions on the interactive whiteboard surface. This camera-based touch technology for interactive whiteboards and interactive displays uses digital cameras and proprietary software and firmware to detect finger or pen contact with the screen. That contact is then interpreted as finger or pen activity. In the classroom As you have seen technology is becoming more and more dominant in our society.Everyday upgrades are being made and new innovations are being discovered. Technology is all around us whether we want it to be or not: it is the vehicles we drive, it can be found in our homes, and can even be found in the grocery store.Every place we look there is some type of technology.I believe technology can make a giant impact on our school system. unfortunately there are some schools that are not as open to technology. I find it strange that these schools do not incorporate technology into them.The only reason these schools seem successful is because the only students that attend them are kids who are successful there.In fact according to the department of education schools that use software have more successful test scores than others,The graduation/collage rates are also higher. Conclusion In conclusion I have shown you that technology is a better choice for education I think the best consolation would be to change the system and intigrate more technology.

Digitally Deprived: A Survival Story Essay -- Personal Narrative Techn

Digitally Deprived: A Survival Story As I sit here and recall my last nineteen long years on this planet and my various interactions with different mediums of technology, it has become very obvious to me that I, like most people where I am from, have had really no major interactions with technology compared to others in my age group. I sit in coffee joints at night and watch people become more introverted than a turtle, ducking into their little shells of technological safety. They look at you through their faux, so-call trendy DKNY knock-off glasses, dressed in their Abercrombie clothes, hiding behind nothing but the glow of a laptop or in the corner talking to someone on their cell phones which just happens to match what they are wearing that day, just like every day. It’s hard to sit here and think about what my past experiences with technology have been. For my area we were pretty well off, upper-middle class I suppose. It’s not common to see people with cell phones, pagers, or anything like that. I am the only kid from my class who left the state for college, out of the ten that actually decided to go. Most people are content running family farms or just becoming a "factory rat" as I refer to them. I shouldn’t be too harsh though, three if my family members work there and are all doing very well for themselves. I just can’t imagine watching pills pass by me all day and calling that a career. I believe there is life beyond the one factory in my town. I think the one difference between rural and urban people is that need to have the newest and biggest thing out there, to get them one foot ahead of the rat race. It seems like everyone is scrambling to find that one thing that will set him or her apart from the crowd.... ...ld agree with that as well. One day without service on their cell phones or high-speed Internet and they wouldn’t know what to do. It would be like their little technological world was collapsing. Knowing what I know now, I don’t plan on letting my children be brought up in a technology-based culture. I think it’s better for people to learn that there is life beyond computers, cells, and the Internet. I think we need to take a giant step back and just take in what little bit of real beauty is left in the world, because before you know it, everything beautiful left in the world will be destroyed, and soon there will even be a McDonald’s at the bottom the Grand Canyon, on the ocean’s bottom, or who knows, even in space. I believe that today’s society is so in love with what it could be, that it is forgetting how beautiful it is, and was, and could be if left alone.

Lullabies for Little Criminals

Child development is the genetic and internal changes that occur in children during early years. There are many internal and external factors that affect a child's growth and development. The connection between a child’s environment and a child’s development are explored in Heather O'Neill's lullabies for little criminals where a child named Baby becomes a product of her environment. This is explored through the early death of Baby’s mother, her being raised by a young father and her father's drug addiction. Baby’s bad decisions and choices come from a lack of guidance necessary for a child’s social growth and development.The absence of a mother in Baby’s life is without a doubt one of the most significant factor in how her life turns out. Not having a mother to guide her, encourage and mold her to become a healthy young adult is evident throughout the book as the important life lessons from a mother was never instilled. Although Baby is grat eful for her father, Jules’s attempts at parenting her, she recognizes that he is unable to take care of himself, therefore unable to give Baby the nurturing environment necessary for a child to flourish.This is evident when she laments â€Å"Jules tried to be a mother, but he’d always kind of fallen short on the mark† (O’Neill, 186). Furthermore, Baby does not understand the feeling of unconditional love that mothers often have towards their children which causes her to look for love in all the wrong places. Without a mother in her life, Baby does not have someone she can lean on for some of the most basic roles of a parental figure, and she grows up feeling ashamed of what she has becomes.Hence, Baby reflects on her outcome when she states â€Å"I thought that if my mother met me now, all grown up, she would be disappointed† (O’Neill, 97). Without guidance Baby succumbs to the life of drugs, alcohol and prostitution, a fate she feels was i nevitable given the lack of maternal love. Nevertheless, in her insightful moments Baby states that, â€Å"A lot of kids get the privilege of looking at themselves through their mother’s eyes. I could only see myself through my own eyes, and sometimes I could barely stand to look† (O’Neill, 186).Here Baby Speaks matter-of-factly, without any resentment towards her mother but more resolute that her life is shaped by her circumstances – without love, self esteem or respect for self. In A Theory of Human Motivation, A. H. Maslow writes; [We] have what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige (defining it as respect or esteem from other people), recognition, attention, importance or appreciation. These needs have been relatively stressed by Alfred Adler and his followers, and have been relatively neglected by Freud and the psychoanalysts.More and more today however there is appearing widespread appreciation of their central importance. (Maslow,1943,3 70-396) The instinctive needs and reassurance mothers provide their daughter’s with is what Baby searches for throughout the book. Therefore the lack of guidance and nurturing is arguably some of the root causes of her poor decision making, as she continues looking for love in the wrong places. When Baby was born, her parents were teenagers and therefore ill prepared for the responsibilities of taking care of a child.Her early childhood was characterized by neglect as a result her behavior inevitably changes for the worst. She learns early on that adults in her life are not reliable. For instance, when her father is released from the hospital, Baby was under the impression that her father will come for her immediately; however, she is disappointed when he fails to come for her. She expresses her disappointment by saying â€Å"I thought Jules was still in the hospital. I thought the day they’d release him, he’d hitchhike right over to the foster home and get me. † (O’Neill, 50)Jules is unable to understand that Baby has no one to depend on but him and he is presented as negligent of her needs through out the book. Jules is unable to put the needs of others above his own, and in return shows Baby that the only thing important in life is yourself. Baby want’s nothing but a stable and nurturing home environment but Jules is unable to provide the basic necessities for her. In Contemporary Liberalism and the Fate of American Children David L. Tubbs writes â€Å"Children depend on adults for many things, and this dependence encompasses more than material needs.Certain intangible goods—education, for example—are just as crucial to their well-being. †(Tubbs, 2007, 1) This idea is especially true in lullabies for little criminals where the emotional bond Baby yearns for, her younger father is unable to provide. This lack of caring for his daughter can also be seen when he is taken away by the police, leaving Baby stranded and confused, â€Å"As the cop car pulled away, I waved to Jules in the backseat. He had been too distracted to even notice me being hit by a car† (O’Neill, 57).As a child, Baby has learned to be self reliant and independent. Nonetheless Baby witnessing her father's run in with the law profoundly affects her attitude towards the law as she herself becomes a prostitute and an addict. Despite the fact that Jules does not seem to care about Baby’s well being, she rationalizes his inadequate parenting as simply lack of experience. Throughout the novel Baby chooses to make decisions that are not in her best interest simply because that's all that she knows. It is this lack of guidance that paves the way for Baby’s poor decision making.Baby’s inadequate and drug addicted father is unable to provide the appropriate environment for her to learn the skills needed for success in life. As Baby talks about her father’s drug addiction she m akes a remark that is telling. She says â€Å"For a kid I knew a lot of things about what it felt like to use heroine. †(O’Neill,10) Early on in life, Baby is aware of her father’s dependency on drugs and is given no choice but to take on the parental role within her family. Baby has never been told otherwise and will never understand the dangers of heroin use.At a young age she already feels the pain and pleasure that comes along with drugs. In turn, Baby naively begins to glorify heroin as she associates it with happy times in her life. This is demonstrated in the book when Baby talks about her father and his friends, â€Å"They made me laugh so much. I thought they were the coolest group of humans that ever lived. †(O’Neill, 72). Early on in the book Baby is introduced to drugs, thus she makes a connection between drugs and happiness. Unfortunately, she does not have responsible adults in her life to tell her the negative effects of drugs, and h ence she does not grasp the dangers of drug use.This is later proven when Baby decides that she is, â€Å"firm on the idea that [she] would become a drug addict too now. [she] didn’t care what drug [she] was going to be addicted to. †(O’Neill, 72) Baby idolizes her father and he willingly or not, leads her to believe happiness can be gained through drugs. In the book Jules is arrested for possession of heroin and Baby says that, â€Å"Since Jules had started using heroin again it was inevitable that he would be arrested† (O’Neill, 57). Baby has become accustomed to her father’s abuse of drugs and understands the large presence it has on her and her father's life.The certainty in her statement also foreshadows the events that occur in her own life if she followed in his footsteps. Baby understands no other alternative than going to prison for her father or for herself. Likewise, Jules is unable to understand that by letting Baby grow up in th is kind of environment, it is inevitable that she will adopt these actions and behaviors as the norm and mimic them in the future. By adopting the life skills and choices of her father, Jules has trapped Baby within a life of bad choices.Child development is the biological and emotional changes people go through during childhood and there are many factors that can affect a child’s growth and development. Heather O’Neill’s lullabies for little criminals explores the similarities between a child’s environment and development through Baby’s bad decisions and choices and how they originated from lack of guidance necessary for a child’s social growth and development. This is seen through Baby’s mother early death, her father raising her at an early age, and her father’s addiction to heroin.

Sales and Inventory Systems

Yakult was introduced to the Philippines in 1978. Its popularity among Filipinos has significantly grown in the past 33 years. There are two main companies in the Philippines, the Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI) and Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC). Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI), an independent company, is a manufacturer and wholesale retailer of Yakult products from Yakult Honsha Co. LTD Japan with a joint venture and shares of investment of 60% for Filipinos and 40% for the Japanese investors.The factory is located in Barrio Makiling, Calamba, Laguna. They have twenty-five distributors from Luzon to Mindanao, supplying the whole country especially wholesale clients. The Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC) retails their products and incorporates the Yakult Lady System that started in Metro Manila and NCR, then adapted by distributors all over the country. The Prohealth Sales Distributor Corporation which is the exclusive Yakult distributor in La Union started its oper ation in March 15, 2004.The Company orders its stocks from the Yakult Philippines Incorporated (YPI) and also adapted the Yakult Lady system of the Yakult Marketing Corporation (YMC). There are three branches in La Union and the Main Office is located in Bauang, La Union. The other branches are in Agoo which started in 2005 and Bangar that recently opened last 2011. The Main office receives the stocks ordered from YPI, and then distributes it to the other two branches.For the wholesale, the main office sells the product to all establishments that intend to resell the product. They deliver the products depending on the order or demand of the client. Every day, the main office deliver stocks to the Yakult Ladies, some just go directly to the main office to pay the stocks unpaid so that they can order again. There is an official receipt issued by the main office to the Yakult Ladies that is being manually recorded in order to make the daily sales and collection report at the end of the day.Making the sales report for the Yakult Ladies is a part of the motivational factor, for them to know how much they profit or loss of income and why their sales are going down. It will also become the basis of the company for how much promotional support they will give on the month of December in terms of gifts and other benefits. All the three branches make the daily sales report, the branch in Agoo and Bangar upload and send its reports in the main office in order to be compiled in the Main office. The sales report is made by the company’s secretary, and then thoroughly checked y the supervisor. The computation of the sales report is made in order to compute the sales and profit of the company. The inventory count of stocks must tally onto the sales report in order for the company to monitor the number of stocks distributed day by day. If the sales report and inventory count did not tally, then the processes must be repeated until they meet tally. Hence, the study was p roposed to help the processes in Prohealth Distributor Sales Corporation easier, faster and to refrain from human error.Due to growing number of employees, the sale monitoring system if done manually was a lot to handle and time consuming. They need a computerized sales monitoring and inventory system that will make the computation tasks faster. Aside from its accuracy, the proposed system also aims to enhance and provide a better way to store information in a secured manner. The study will be implemented first in the Main Office of the Prohealth Sales Distributor Corporation La Union in order to pilot test the system software being proposed.

agriculture Essays

Food/agriculture Essays Food/agriculture Essay Food/agriculture Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Food and Agriculture Agriculture is an economic activity that was practiced in the past in order to get food. The growth of plants relied purely on natural conditions to provide for a meal. This was a common culture among most traditional societies. Over the years, technology has developed, and improvements on the field of agriculture have been made. These changes are more efficient as compared to shifting agriculture, which was practiced before. Shifting agriculture is a traditional method of growing plants. The method involves cutting and burning down trees to expose soil nutrients. After burning the trees, crops are grown to utilize the exposed nutrients before they wear out from the soil. This takes roughly three years. Various changes have been made to the shifting method of agriculture. One of the changes is by using a polyculture system, which involves the growth of different species of plants in a small area. The use of polyculture instead of the shifting method has some advantages. Planting of different crops in one area provides ample shade for shorter crops and prevents them from dying due to excess exposure from the sun. It is also useful in providing nitrogen to plants that lack enough nutrients. Planting crops close to each other facilitates easy transfer of nitrogen through nitrogen-adding legumes. Polyculture also reduces the risks of pests attacking crops. Some crops have insect repellent properties and planting them close to others without this characteristic protects them from being damaged. Other changes made include the use of machinery that helps in planting and harvesting crops. Traditionally, people employed the use of manual labor to conduct these activities. The method was efficient in small pieces of land that did not require heavy equipment for planting and harvesting. However, manual labor had the disadvantage of consuming time. As a result, only a small area was covered meaning production levels were low. Labor-intensive mining was also inefficient because it depended purely on human effort. Human labor was not fully reliable because people get exhausted. However, it was a cheap and simple method of farming that exposed people to minimal risks as compared to the use of machinery. The method to use depended largely on the type of crop to be planted. The changes made were good because they relieved humans from exhausting their energy, through the introduction of fuel-powered machines. The machines have also improved the efficiency quality and quantity of output due to their computerized nature. Although they advantageous, they have some demerits. The method is expensive to purchase, maintain and repair. The equipment also comes with added expenses such as fuel costs and possibly, human labor to operate the machine. These expenses do not facilitate the growth of a variety of crops. Growth of a single species of crops over time reduces soil nutrients and makes farmers rely heavily on fertilizers. The continued use of fertilizers leads to poor soil profile. This week, food has been obtained mostly from the supermarket and included processed meat and grains. Most foods from supermarkets are processed by companies by using technology and small portions of organic products. Most of the synthetic foods are made to alter the nutrients of the product while maintaining the taste. Before acquiring the knowledge on synthetic foods, their origin was unknown. After doing extensive research on them, knowledge was gained on their origin. It is evident that synthetic foods like sausages come from original meat, from animals. The original meat passes through a series of stages that alters the nutrients and shape of the product. This is done to increase the protein content in most cases. Chemicals are also added to the meat in to change the nutrient orientation and contents of the product. In most cases, the chemicals make food tastier and allow easy digestion. Genetically modified foods are created to enhance the resistance of products to pests, insects and adverse weather conditions. Further research on synthetic foods showed that they are genetically modified organic products (GMO). All animals and plants have genetic properties like humans. Altering the genetics nature of any plant or animal generates a GMO product. Conventional agricultural methods have brought about negative implications on the environment. The use of monoculture, pesticides and fertilizers increases environmental pollution. This is because of the exhaust gases emitted from machinery used in planting and harvesting crops. Air pollution poses a major hazard to the environment in that, it interferes with the people’s health, causing lung and heart problems. It also leads to acid rain, caused by excessive oxides of sulfur released in the air. The acid rain is known to damage crops. GMO products also contribute to environmental pollution. Processing of these GMO products is done in companies that dump waste material directly in the environment. These wastes pollute the soil through construction of pits and hinder plantations. The use of GMO products and conventional agricultural methods has an impact on the environment in modern day society. The continued use of pesticides has led to the development of various industries that produce plant treatment medicine. This has led to an increase in the economy because of huge amounts of harvest. The use of GMO products has also had an impact on humans. It affects the diets of people due to the chemical composition of products. Some of the chemicals in GMO products also cause cancer, and this has damaged people’s health. Many choices could be made to improve the environment. They should educate each other on the importance of keeping the environment clean. This will make them exercise personal cleanliness and conserve the environment. Conducting small cleaning programs is also crucial because it creates awareness of the pollution problem in the environment. There should also be significant areas designated for dumping and controlling air pollution. This prevents the whole environment from pollution, for example, the creation of litter bins. These actions are similar to what is being practiced in the current society. Litter bins have been put in specific places to reduce pollution. The government has also developed strict policies on environmental pollution by companies. It is also crucial to educate people on the use of GMO products and their effects. This creates awareness and protects people from cancer.

How to Use the Spanish Word Como

How to Use the Spanish Word Como Como is a common and useful word in Spanish that is frequently used to compare two things, persons, or actions that are similar. Como Often Equivalent to Like or As Como is frequently used as a preposition or conjunction that means like or as. Regardless of which of the two parts of speech it is used as, it is generally understood much the same way by English speakers, so this introductory lesson will look at examples of its usage as both parts of speech together. (Note: English translations used in this lesson reflect English as it is frequently spoken rather than distinguishing among proper uses of like and as.) Como nearly always means something similar to in the manner of and/or is used to make actual or implied comparisons: Piense como un millonario. (Think like a millionaire.)Dice que usa las redes sociales como un presidente moderno. (He says he uses social networks like a modern president.)Si se parece a un pato, anda como un pato y grazna como un pato, entonces es un pato. (If it seems like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then its a duck.)Te quiero, pero como amigo. (I love you, but as a friend.)No hay nadie como Francisco. (There is nobody like Francisco.) ¡No me trates como un perro! (Dont treat me like a dog!)Como tu profesor, quiero ayudarte y ser tu amiga. (As your teacher, I want to help you and be your friend.)No duermo como antes. (I dont sleep like I did before.)He decidido vestirme como quiero. (I have decided to dress myself the way I want.)Te odio como jams he odiado a nadie. (I hate you like Ive never hated anyone before.)Como era de esperar, la pelà ­cula ha batido todos los rà ©cords. (As expected, the film has broken all records.)Mà ­rame como si fuera la prim era vez. (Look at me as if it were the first time.) Salieron como si nada hubiera pasado. (They left as if nothing had happened.)El cine se lo conoce como el sà ©ptimo arte. (Cinema is known as the seventh art.)Quiero la piel como estaba antes. (I want my skin to like it was before.) Como the conjunction/preposition should not be confused with the homonym como, the first-person singular indicative form of comer that means I eat. Como in Approximations Colloquially, como is sometimes used for approximations. Typical translations include about and approximately. Tengo un primo que pesa como 200 kilogramos. (I have a cousin who weighs approximately 200 kilograms.)Maneje como dos millas pasando la gasolinera Texaco. (Drive about two miles, passing the Texaco gas station.)Al final me costà ³ como mil dà ³lares tomar el examen. (In the end, it cost me something like $1,000 to take the text.)Llevo como dos semanas intentando comprar los boletos en là ­nea para el concierto. (I spent about two weeks trying to buy the tickets online for the concert.) Using Como for How With an orthographic accent, cà ³mo becomes an adverb and is often translated as how. This occurs most often in questions and indirect questions:  ¿Cà ³mo ests? (How are you?) ¿Cà ³mo puedo adquirir un pasaporte? (How can I get a passport?) ¿Cà ³mo puede algo tan pequeà ±o hacerte sentir tan grande? (How can something so small make you feel so great?)No sà © cà ³mo bajar los fotos del servidor. (I dont know how to download the photos from the server. Note: This is an example of cà ³mo being used in an indirect question.)No me importa cà ³mo lo haces. (It doesnt matter to me how you do it.)

Source Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Source Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The inconsistency may be due to differing style and theological conception as highlighted in Genesis 1 and 2 resulting to a different order of creation. In the first account, man and woman were created after the birds and animals and formed the climax of the creation while in the second creation account man was created before the animals and birds while the creation of the woman followed their creation (Gen 2: 19-22). The two accounts show some disagreement as the sequence of creation of events is an indication that two authors were involved. Looking at the style and form of writing in chapter one, it is very clear that chapter 1 is very precise, measured, and stereotyped while chapter shows diversity as there are no recurrence of formulae such as to create. Chapter 1 is more systematic while chapter 2 is spontaneous such as in the case of the earth which is first dry (GEN 2:5). In the first account, the earth emerges from the waters and the order of filling it is very different with that of the chapter 2. There is a great discrepancy between the two creations of man stories in chapters 1 and 2. The differences may also be due to mechanical errors of the editors during compilation disturbing the order of creation. The second account seems to be more dramatic with an imagination that captures the heart with more influence on the feelings of the reader and less on the intellect part of the reader. There are other major differences between the two creation accounts. One of them is the conception of God in which the first one sees God as majestic and dignified. The second views God as somebody with humanistic traits such as speaking, walking, and behaving like an earthy man. Other differences such as the case in which he creates man and woman at the same time in chapter one (Gen 1: 27), while in chapter 2, man was created first and women was created later

The benefits of using the Smart Phones Assignment

The benefits of using the Smart Phones - Assignment Example In addition, the report has some visual effects that would enable the audience to clearly understand its content. Abstract The use of smartphones is the latest world trend with people of different ages opting to adopt the use of these gadgets in their everyday lives. This is because smart phones assist in informal learning, distance learning, increase quality and efficiency in health care, increase voter participations in elections, and also increased professional engagement in work. However, the use of smart phones has some disadvantages such as reduced social life and access to obscene adult content from the internet by teenagers. In general, the use of smart phones has played an important role in making the world a better and comfortable place to leave in. Benefits of Using Smartphones 1. Introduction Mobile phones and smartphones are both used with the primary function of being able to make and receive phone calls and send and receive text messages, but the smartphone has certain qualities that distinguish it from any usual mobile phones. Smartphones have additional features such as online gaming, online video watching, route tracking, GPS system and several other added features, which differentiate it from other usual mobile phones and, are more preferred than mobile phones. ... The research center further figured out that there are various benefits that can be obtained through smartphones, and these benefits are the primary reason for the high demand of smartphones in the US. Smartphones are not limited to the access of adults; they are even owned and used by several teenagers and the younger generation. Smartphones have gained immense popularity among the youth population because of the several benefits offered by these phones. On one end are those who propose that smartphones are a smart invention and are assisting the society in several ways; on the other end are those who are against the use of smartphones due to various negative effects associated with these phones. This writing will focus on the argument of whether the smartphones are beneficial for the society or not while defending the stance that smartphones have several more benefits to offer than costs. The writing will especially focus on the benefits offered by smartphones to both the adult as well as the youth population. Smartphones benefit both the adults and the youth in obtaining both formal as well as informal educations. They have become a major tool of in distance learning. They are used by users to satisfy their personal need, helps employees in remaining involved with their businesses, are assisting in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of health care services, and are elevating the quality of health care, and can even help in increasing voter turnout during different elections. 2. Background The development of Smart phones evolved from the traditional mobile phones. Though both of them perform nearly the same functions, the Smart phones are